Sample Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the most common cause of respiratory distress in pediatric patients?
Asthma
B. Pneumonia
C. Foreign body aspiration
D. Bronchiolitis
Answer: D
What is the primary goal of oxygen therapy in pediatric respiratory care?
To prevent hypoxemia
B. To reduce carbon dioxide levels
C. To increase tidal volume
D. To stimulate respiratory drive
Answer: A
Which device is most appropriate for delivering high-flow oxygen to a pediatric patient with respiratory distress?
Nasal cannula
B. Simple face mask
C. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC)
D. Non-rebreather mask
Answer: C
What is the preferred airway clearance technique for a pediatric patient with cystic fibrosis?
Suctioning
B. Chest physiotherapy (CPT)
C. Manual bag-mask ventilation
D. Incentive spirometry
Answer: B
Which of the following is a sign of impending respiratory failure in pediatric patients?
Nasal flaring
B. Retractions
C. Grunting
D. All of the above
Answer: D
What is the most appropriate ventilatory strategy for pediatric patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
High tidal volumes
B. Low tidal volumes with high PEEP
C. Increased respiratory rate with low PEEP
D. High inspiratory pressures
Answer: B
What is the normal respiratory rate for a pediatric patient aged 1–5 years?
10-20 breaths per minute
B. 20-30 breaths per minute
C. 30-40 breaths per minute
D. 40-50 breaths per minute
Answer: B
Which medication is commonly used in pediatric respiratory emergencies for upper airway swelling?
Albuterol
B. Epinephrine
C. Ipratropium bromide
D. Montelukast
Answer: B
What is the best method to confirm proper endotracheal tube (ETT) placement in a pediatric patient?
Chest X-ray
B. End-tidal CO₂ monitoring
C. Auscultation alone
D. Oxygen saturation monitoring
Answer: B
Which device is best suited for delivering nebulized medication to a pediatric patient?
Dry powder inhaler
B. Metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
C. Jet nebulizer with mask
D. Nasal cannula
Answer: C
What is the primary reason for using heliox therapy in pediatric respiratory care?
To increase FiO₂
B. To decrease airway resistance
C. To treat bacterial pneumonia
D. To improve mucociliary clearance
Answer: B
Which condition is best managed with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in pediatric patients?
Asthma exacerbation
B. Croup
C. Obstructive sleep apnea
D. Pneumonia
Answer: C
What is the most common cause of stridor in children?
Asthma
B. Croup
C. Foreign body aspiration
D. Bronchiolitis
Answer: B
Which factor increases the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in pediatric patients?
Frequent suctioning
B. Use of humidified oxygen
C. Prolonged intubation
D. Use of non-invasive ventilation
Answer: C
Which mode of mechanical ventilation is most commonly used for pediatric patients with normal lung compliance?
Volume-controlled ventilation
B. Pressure-controlled ventilation
C. Airway pressure release ventilation
D. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation
Answer: A
What is the most appropriate action when a pediatric patient develops severe bradycardia due to hypoxia?
Administer epinephrine
B. Increase oxygen therapy
C. Start chest compressions
D. Perform immediate intubation
Answer: B
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a “steeple sign” on an X-ray?
Epiglottitis
B. Croup
C. Foreign body aspiration
D. Asthma
Answer: B
What is the recommended initial dose of albuterol for nebulized treatment in pediatric asthma exacerbation?
0.25 mg
B. 1.25 mg
C. 2.5 mg
D. 5 mg
Answer: C
What is the most common cause of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea?
Obesity
B. Neuromuscular disease
C. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy
D. Laryngomalacia
Answer: C
What is the primary purpose of a cough assist device in pediatric patients with neuromuscular disorders?
Increase lung compliance
B. Improve secretion clearance
C. Deliver continuous positive pressure
D. Prevent atelectasis
Answer: B
Which of the following is a contraindication for non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in pediatric patients?
Mild hypoxemia
B. Hypercapnia
C. Apnea
D. Respiratory distress
Answer: C
Which clinical finding is most concerning in a pediatric patient with an asthma exacerbation?
Expiratory wheezing
B. Increased respiratory rate
C. Silent chest
D. Pulsus paradoxus
Answer: C
What is the recommended position for a pediatric patient in respiratory distress?
Supine
B. Prone
C. Tripod
D. Lateral
Answer: C
What is the primary indication for high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in pediatric patients?
Mild pneumonia
B. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
C. Foreign body aspiration
D. Bronchiolitis
Answer: B
Which of the following is an early sign of respiratory distress in pediatric patients?
Cyanosis
B. Bradycardia
C. Retractions
D. Apnea
Answer: C
What is the gold standard for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric patients?
Chest X-ray
B. Spirometry
C. Polysomnography
D. Capnography
Answer: C
Which of the following interventions is most effective in preventing post-extubation stridor in pediatric patients?
Heliox therapy
B. Dexamethasone administration
C. CPAP
D. Suctioning
Answer: B
What is the recommended method for suctioning an intubated pediatric patient?
Open suction technique
B. Closed suction system
C. Nasal suctioning
D. Deep tracheal suctioning every hour
Answer: B
Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in pediatric patients?
Prematurity
B. Asthma
C. Foreign body aspiration
D. Pneumothorax
Answer: A
What is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in pediatric patients?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. Haemophilus influenzae
C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
D. Staphylococcus aureus
Answer: A
31. What is the most common viral cause of bronchiolitis in pediatric patients?
Influenza virus
B. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
C. Parainfluenza virus
D. Adenovirus
Answer: B
32. Which of the following conditions is characterized by a “thumbprint sign” on a lateral neck X-ray?
Croup
B. Epiglottitis
C. Foreign body aspiration
D. Tracheomalacia
Answer: B
33. What is the best method for assessing oxygenation in a pediatric patient receiving mechanical ventilation?
Pulse oximetry
B. Capnography
C. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis
D. End-tidal CO₂ monitoring
Answer: C
34. Which of the following is a contraindication for high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy in pediatric patients?
Hypoxemia
B. Hypercapnic respiratory failure
C. Severe respiratory distress with apnea
D. Upper airway obstruction
Answer: C
35. Which of the following is a common side effect of albuterol nebulization in pediatric patients?
Bradycardia
B. Hypotension
C. Tachycardia
D. Hypoglycemia
Answer: C
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