Sample Questions and Answers
“The Technology Determinism Theory” suggests that:
A) Society shapes technology to fit its needs and values.
B) Technology shapes society, with innovations driving social change and human behavior.
C) Technology has no impact on society’s values or behaviors.
D) Society and technology evolve independently without influencing each other.
Answer: B
“The Social Network Theory” focuses on:
A) How media organizations create content independently of the audience.
B) How social interactions and relationships, often mediated by digital technologies, influence the spread of media content.
C) The passive role of media consumers in the information process.
D) The isolation of individuals from their social networks.
Answer: B
“The Narcotizing Dysfunction” theory suggests that:
A) Media exposure provides immediate, impactful change on public opinion.
B) Excessive media consumption can result in apathy or inaction, as audiences become desensitized to social issues.
C) Media has no effect on public participation or awareness.
D) Media is always empowering and motivating audiences.
Answer: B
“The Symbolic Interactionism” theory argues that:
A) Media creates universal meanings that apply equally to all individuals.
B) People create meaning through social interactions, and media plays a role in shaping these meanings through symbols and representations.
C) Media has no influence on the way individuals understand symbols.
D) Symbolic interactionism focuses on non-verbal communication in media.
Answer: B
“The Moral Panic Theory” suggests that:
A) Media causes societal problems by exaggerating issues and creating unwarranted fear among the public.
B) Media is often neutral in reporting societal issues without instigating panic.
C) Media’s portrayal of societal issues has no impact on public fear or behavior.
D) Moral panics only occur in societies with low media literacy.
Answer: A
“The Hypodermic Needle Theory” (also known as the “Magic Bullet Theory”) suggests that:
A) Media messages are passively received by audiences without any effect.
B) Media messages have a powerful, direct influence on audience behavior and attitudes, like a “needle” injecting ideas.
C) Media effects vary greatly and are never uniform.
D) People actively choose which media messages to interpret.
Answer: B
“The Social Exchange Theory” suggests that:
A) Media consumption has no social implications.
B) People evaluate their relationships with media based on the costs and rewards associated with media content.
C) Media plays a passive role in social exchanges.
D) All media interactions are equally rewarding for the audience.
Answer: B
“The News Framing Theory” is based on the idea that:
A) News outlets are neutral and provide balanced reporting without any framing.
B) News outlets select and highlight certain aspects of an issue, shaping public perception and understanding.
C) News stories are always framed in the same way by all outlets.
D) News framing has no significant impact on audience perceptions.
Answer: B
“The Two-Step Flow Theory” posits that:
A) Media directly influences audience behavior without any intermediary.
B) Media messages first influence opinion leaders, who then influence others within their social circles.
C) People passively consume media messages without any filtering.
D) Media has no influence on individuals’ decisions or opinions.
Answer: B
“The Gender-Role Stereotyping” theory focuses on:
A) How media portrayals of gender roles shape societal expectations and individual identity.
B) The equal representation of all genders in media.
C) The biological differences between genders and their implications for media.
D) The use of gender-neutral language in media.
Answer: A
“The Advertising Effectiveness Theory” suggests that:
A) Advertising has no effect on consumer behavior.
B) Advertising messages can shape consumer preferences and decisions through repeated exposure.
C) Consumers are always immune to advertising influences.
D) Advertising is most effective when there is minimal exposure.
Answer: B
“The Digital Divide Theory” suggests that:
A) Media access is equally available to all individuals.
B) There are significant disparities in access to digital technologies, creating inequalities in the ability to engage with media and information.
C) Digital technology eliminates inequalities in media consumption.
D) Media technology affects only a small portion of society.
Answer: B
“The Uses and Gratifications Theory” argues that people:
A) Use media passively without thinking.
B) Use media actively to satisfy specific needs and desires.
C) Avoid media due to negative effects.
D) Never engage with media for entertainment.
Answer: B
“The Diffusion of Innovations” focuses on how:
A) Technologies spread based on government regulation.
B) Innovations spread among members of a society in stages, with early adopters influencing later adopters.
C) Innovations are equally adopted by all social classes at the same time.
D) Innovations are generally resisted by society.
Answer: B
“The Cultivation Theory” suggests that:
A) Media only reflects reality without shaping it.
B) Long-term exposure to media content shapes people’s perceptions of reality, often in line with media portrayals.
C) People who consume more media tend to be more informed about the world.
D) Media consumption has no effect on public perceptions.
Answer: B
“The Spiral of Silence” theory suggests that people:
A) Feel free to express their opinions regardless of majority views.
B) Stay silent when they believe their opinions are in the minority to avoid social isolation.
C) Always express their opinions openly.
D) Ignore the opinions of others entirely.
Answer: B
“The Elaboration Likelihood Model” explains that persuasion can occur in two ways:
A) Through thoughtful processing (central route) or surface-level processing (peripheral route).
B) Only through careful, deliberate analysis.
C) Only through emotional appeals.
D) Only through subconscious processing.
Answer: A
“The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis” suggests that:
A) People acquire knowledge at the same rate, regardless of their access to media.
B) People with more access to media and education tend to acquire knowledge more quickly than those with less access.
C) Knowledge acquisition does not depend on media access.
D) Knowledge acquisition is unaffected by media.
Answer: B
“The Hegemonic Theory” argues that:
A) Media provides equal representation of all social groups.
B) Media reinforces the power of dominant groups in society, often by limiting alternative viewpoints.
C) Hegemony does not influence media content.
D) Media is entirely objective, regardless of power structures.
Answer: B
“The Social Cognitive Theory” emphasizes that:
A) People only learn through formal education.
B) Media has no impact on people’s behavior.
C) People learn behaviors by observing others, including through media representations.
D) Media is an irrelevant factor in behavior learning.
Answer: C
“The Political Economy of Media” theory focuses on:
A) The impact of governmental regulations on media content.
B) The influence of economic interests and power structures on media production and content.
C) The ways media can be completely neutral.
D) The freedom of individual media producers.
Answer: B
“The Media Dependency Theory” suggests that:
A) People are completely independent of media in their decision-making.
B) People are more likely to rely on media in uncertain situations and their behavior is influenced by the media content they consume.
C) Media has no influence on decision-making.
D) People have unlimited media options and rarely depend on any one source.
Answer: B
“The Social Network Theory” examines how:
A) Social media platforms influence the way individuals interact and form connections.
B) Social networks do not play any significant role in media consumption.
C) Individuals are isolated from each other and do not form online networks.
D) Social media is irrelevant to social interaction.
Answer: A
“The Narcotizing Dysfunction” suggests that:
A) Media consumption motivates people to take action on social issues.
B) Excessive media exposure leads to apathy, as people become desensitized to important social issues.
C) Media has no impact on people’s engagement with societal problems.
D) People always react to media with immediate action.
Answer: B
“The News Framing Theory” argues that:
A) All media coverage of an event is unbiased and objective.
B) The way a news story is framed, including the angle and context, influences how the audience interprets the issue.
C) News stories always present facts without interpretation.
D) Framing has no impact on public perception.
Answer: B
“The Symbolic Interactionism Theory” suggests that:
A) People only interact with media passively.
B) People create meaning through their interactions, with media playing a key role in shaping these meanings through symbols and representations.
C) Media plays no role in shaping social meanings.
D) People always interpret media messages in the same way.
Answer: B
“The Cognitive Dissonance Theory” argues that:
A) People enjoy encountering information that contradicts their existing beliefs.
B) People feel uncomfortable when exposed to information that conflicts with their beliefs and often change their views to reduce discomfort.
C) Cognitive dissonance does not impact people’s beliefs.
D) People always reject information that contradicts their views.
Answer: B
“The Moral Panic Theory” suggests that:
A) Media plays a positive role in reducing fear in society.
B) Media exaggerates societal issues, causing unnecessary fear and concern among the public.
C) Moral panics only occur in societies with minimal media exposure.
D) Media focuses only on rational reporting without emotional effects.
Answer: B
“The Political Economy of Media” theory suggests that:
A) Media content is shaped by the economic interests of corporations and political powers.
B) Media content is always produced independently of political or economic interests.
C) Media is primarily shaped by the free choices of individuals.
D) Media corporations do not influence public opinion.
Answer: A
“The Two-Step Flow Theory” posits that:
A) Media directly influences audience behavior without any intermediary.
B) Opinion leaders are influenced by media and in turn influence others in their social networks.
C) All people are equally influenced by the media.
D) Opinion leaders have no effect on social networks.
Answer: B
“The Framing Theory” suggests that:
A) Media simply presents events without interpreting them.
B) Media highlights specific aspects of an issue, which shapes how the audience perceives the situation.
C) Framing only occurs in political media.
D) All media messages are framed identically.
Answer: B
“The Gender-Role Stereotyping Theory” focuses on:
A) The equal representation of all genders in media.
B) The ways in which media perpetuates stereotypical gender roles that influence societal expectations.
C) The elimination of gender roles in modern media.
D) The unchanging nature of gender roles in society.
Answer: B
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