Sample Questions and Answers
A 7-year-old child with asthma is admitted to the emergency department with increased wheezing and shortness of breath. What is the most appropriate initial intervention?
a) Inhaled corticosteroids
b) Oral antibiotics
c) Short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)
d) Leukotriene receptor antagonists
Answer: c) Short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)
Explanation: In the acute setting, a short-acting beta-agonist (e.g., albuterol) is the first-line treatment for bronchospasm associated with asthma exacerbations.
A 4-year-old child presents with a sudden-onset high fever, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. The child appears distressed, drooling, and in respiratory distress. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Croup
b) Epiglottitis
c) Tonsillitis
d) Laryngitis
Answer: b) Epiglottitis
Explanation: Epiglottitis is a medical emergency characterized by fever, sore throat, drooling, and respiratory distress. The child often presents with the “tripod” position to help with breathing. Immediate airway management is necessary.
A 9-year-old child with cystic fibrosis is being treated for a respiratory infection. Which of the following should be a priority in the child’s treatment plan?
a) Chest physiotherapy
b) Oral antibiotics
c) Intravenous fluids
d) Blood transfusion
Answer: a) Chest physiotherapy
Explanation: Chest physiotherapy is crucial for children with cystic fibrosis as it helps to clear mucus from the lungs, improving lung function and preventing further respiratory infections.
A 5-year-old child presents with a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the trunk and limbs. The rash is red and maculopapular. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Chickenpox
b) Rubella
c) Measles
d) Hand, foot, and mouth disease
Answer: c) Measles
Explanation: Measles is characterized by a red maculopapular rash that starts on the face and spreads to the trunk and limbs. It is also associated with high fever, cough, and conjunctivitis.
A 6-year-old child is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?
a) Oral iron supplementation
b) Vitamin B12 injections
c) Blood transfusion
d) Folic acid supplementation
Answer: a) Oral iron supplementation
Explanation: Iron deficiency anemia is treated with oral iron supplementation to replenish iron stores and improve hemoglobin levels.
A 3-year-old child presents with a persistent cough, runny nose, and fever. The child also has a history of asthma. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
a) Viral upper respiratory infection
b) Bacterial pneumonia
c) Acute asthma exacerbation
d) Tuberculosis
Answer: a) Viral upper respiratory infection
Explanation: The symptoms of cough, runny nose, and fever are commonly seen in viral upper respiratory infections, which are frequent in young children, especially those with asthma.
A 10-year-old child presents with a painful swelling over the shin area. The child reports that the pain started after a recent soccer game. The swelling is firm and tender to touch. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Osteomyelitis
b) Patellar tendinitis
c) Tibial stress fracture
d) Osgood-Schlatter disease
Answer: d) Osgood-Schlatter disease
Explanation: Osgood-Schlatter disease is a common cause of knee pain in active children, particularly those involved in sports. It occurs due to inflammation at the site where the patellar tendon attaches to the tibial tuberosity.
A 4-year-old child is being treated for a severe allergic reaction to peanuts. The child has received epinephrine, but symptoms persist. What is the next step in management?
a) Administer another dose of epinephrine
b) Administer antihistamines
c) Start corticosteroids
d) Monitor and provide fluids
Answer: a) Administer another dose of epinephrine
Explanation: If symptoms of an allergic reaction persist despite the initial dose of epinephrine, a second dose of epinephrine may be required, as anaphylaxis can recur.
A 6-month-old infant presents with fever, irritability, and a refusal to eat. The child is diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. What is the most appropriate management?
a) Oral antibiotics
b) Intravenous antibiotics
c) Antipyretics
d) Fluid restriction
Answer: b) Intravenous antibiotics
Explanation: Infants with a urinary tract infection often require intravenous antibiotics, especially if they are ill-appearing or unable to tolerate oral medications.
A 12-year-old child with diabetes mellitus presents with fruity-smelling breath, increased thirst, and frequent urination. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Hypoglycemia
b) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
c) Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)
d) Hyperthyroidism
Answer: b) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Explanation: DKA is characterized by high blood sugar, ketones in the urine, fruity-smelling breath, and dehydration. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment with insulin and fluids.
A 2-year-old child presents with a persistent cough, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. The child has a history of allergic rhinitis. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Bronchiolitis
b) Asthma
c) Croup
d) Pneumonia
Answer: b) Asthma
Explanation: Asthma often presents with wheezing, cough, and difficulty breathing, especially in children with a history of allergies. It is more likely in this case than other conditions like bronchiolitis or pneumonia.
A 5-year-old child presents with a sudden, painful limp. The child refuses to walk and complains of pain in the hip. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
b) Hip fracture
c) Transient synovitis
d) Septic arthritis
Answer: a) Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
Explanation: Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is a condition in which the blood supply to the femoral head is disrupted, leading to hip pain and difficulty walking. It usually affects children between the ages of 4 and 8.
A 4-year-old child presents with fever, a sore throat, and a characteristic “sandpaper” rash. The child is diagnosed with scarlet fever. What is the most appropriate treatment?
a) Penicillin
b) Ceftriaxone
c) Azithromycin
d) Antihistamines
Answer: a) Penicillin
Explanation: Scarlet fever is caused by Group A Streptococcus, and penicillin is the first-line treatment to eradicate the infection and prevent complications.
A 7-year-old child presents with a limp, fever, and pain in the hip joint. Blood tests show an elevated white blood cell count and C-reactive protein. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Osteomyelitis
b) Septic arthritis
c) Transient synovitis
d) Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Answer: b) Septic arthritis
Explanation: Septic arthritis is characterized by fever, joint pain, and an elevated white blood cell count. It is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment with antibiotics and sometimes surgical drainage.
A 3-month-old infant presents with irritability, vomiting, and a bulging soft spot on the head. The child’s fontanelle is tense. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Meningitis
b) Hydrocephalus
c) Shaken baby syndrome
d) Brain tumor
Answer: b) Hydrocephalus
Explanation: Hydrocephalus is characterized by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, which can cause increased intracranial pressure and bulging of the fontanelle in infants.
A 10-year-old child with a history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is prescribed methylphenidate. Which of the following is the most important side effect to monitor for in this child?
a) Weight loss
b) Hyperglycemia
c) Sedation
d) Drowsiness
Answer: a) Weight loss
Explanation: Methylphenidate, a stimulant medication used to treat ADHD, can cause decreased appetite and weight loss, so it is important to monitor the child’s growth and weight.
A 3-year-old child presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and a rash on the palms and soles. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Hand, foot, and mouth disease
b) Scarlet fever
c) Kawasaki disease
d) Chickenpox
Answer: a) Hand, foot, and mouth disease
Explanation: Hand, foot, and mouth disease is caused by coxsackievirus and presents with a rash on the palms and soles, as well as oral ulcers and gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea.
A 6-month-old infant presents with poor weight gain, vomiting, and irritability. The infant’s fontanelle is sunken, and the skin has poor turgor. What is the most likely cause?
a) Gastroenteritis
b) Dehydration
c) Hyperthyroidism
d) Milk protein allergy
Answer: b) Dehydration
Explanation: Sunken fontanelles and poor skin turgor are signs of dehydration in infants. Poor weight gain and irritability further support dehydration as the cause.
A 4-year-old child presents with a persistent cough, high fever, and difficulty breathing. Chest X-ray reveals a consolidation in the right lower lobe. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Pneumonia
b) Bronchiolitis
c) Asthma exacerbation
d) Tuberculosis
Answer: a) Pneumonia
Explanation: Pneumonia is often associated with fever, cough, and consolidation on chest X-ray. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
A 4-year-old child is receiving treatment for acute asthma exacerbation. What is the first-line medication for acute bronchodilation in this scenario?
a) Leukotriene inhibitors
b) Inhaled corticosteroids
c) Short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)
d) Anticholinergics
Answer: c) Short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)
Explanation: Short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol) are the first-line treatment for immediate bronchodilation during an asthma exacerbation.
A 6-month-old infant presents with severe diarrhea, dehydration, and a history of recent travel. What is the most likely cause?
a) Bacterial infection
b) Viral gastroenteritis
c) Lactose intolerance
d) Food allergy
Answer: b) Viral gastroenteritis
Explanation: Viral gastroenteritis, commonly caused by rotavirus or norovirus, is a common cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration in young children, especially with a history of travel.
A 2-year-old child with a fever and sore throat is diagnosed with streptococcal pharyngitis. What is the most appropriate treatment?
a) Penicillin
b) Cephalosporins
c) Antipyretics only
d) Corticosteroids
Answer: a) Penicillin
Explanation: Streptococcal pharyngitis is treated with penicillin, which is effective against Group A Streptococcus and prevents complications such as rheumatic fever.
A 12-year-old child presents with a headache, fever, and a stiff neck. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Meningitis
b) Sinusitis
c) Encephalitis
d) Migraine
Answer: a) Meningitis
Explanation: Meningitis presents with fever, headache, and neck stiffness. This is a medical emergency requiring immediate investigation and management.
A 5-year-old child is receiving chemotherapy and presents with fever, fatigue, and a sore throat. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Anemia
b) Viral upper respiratory infection
c) Neutropenic fever
d) Streptococcal pharyngitis
Answer: c) Neutropenic fever
Explanation: Children undergoing chemotherapy often have neutropenia, making them susceptible to infections. Neutropenic fever is a medical emergency and requires immediate evaluation for potential bacterial or fungal infections.
A 7-year-old child presents with abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea. A stool sample is positive for Salmonella. What is the recommended treatment?
a) Oral antibiotics
b) Intravenous antibiotics
c) Antidiarrheals
d) Supportive care
Answer: d) Supportive care
Explanation: Most cases of Salmonella infection in children resolve with supportive care (hydration, rest). Antibiotics are typically not needed unless the infection is severe or the child is immunocompromised.
A 9-year-old child presents with painful swelling and redness in the left knee after an injury. The child is unable to bear weight on the affected leg. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Patellar tendinitis
b) Knee fracture
c) Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
d) Septic arthritis
Answer: b) Knee fracture
Explanation: The inability to bear weight along with swelling and redness suggests a possible knee fracture, which should be confirmed with imaging.
A 3-year-old child is diagnosed with acute otitis media. What is the first-line treatment for this condition?
a) Oral amoxicillin
b) Intravenous antibiotics
c) Steroids
d) Observation and pain management
Answer: a) Oral amoxicillin
Explanation: Acute otitis media is commonly treated with oral antibiotics, such as amoxicillin, unless there is a concern for antibiotic resistance or recurrent infections.
A 2-year-old child presents with difficulty breathing, wheezing, and cough. The child has a history of asthma. What is the most appropriate initial treatment for this acute asthma exacerbation?
a) Short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)
b) Long-acting beta-agonist (LABA)
c) Inhaled corticosteroids
d) Leukotriene receptor antagonists
Answer: a) Short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)
Explanation: A short-acting beta-agonist (e.g., albuterol) is the first-line treatment to quickly relieve bronchospasm in asthma exacerbations.
A 5-year-old child presents with fever, headache, and a characteristic bull’s-eye rash. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Chickenpox
b) Lyme disease
c) Measles
d) Scarlet fever
Answer: b) Lyme disease
Explanation: Lyme disease, transmitted by ticks, often presents with a bull’s-eye rash (erythema migrans) along with fever and headache.
A 6-month-old infant presents with a high-pitched cry, irritability, and vomiting. On physical exam, the infant has a “sunken” fontanelle. What is the most likely cause?
a) Dehydration
b) Hydrocephalus
c) Meningitis
d) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Answer: a) Dehydration
Explanation: Sunken fontanelles, irritability, and vomiting are signs of dehydration, which is common in young children, particularly if they are not receiving adequate fluid intake.
A 3-year-old child presents with a sudden, high fever, and irritability, along with a red rash on the face and neck. The rash then spreads to the trunk and limbs. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Chickenpox
b) Measles
c) Rubella
d) Fifth disease
Answer: b) Measles
Explanation: Measles presents with a characteristic rash that starts on the face and spreads, accompanied by fever and conjunctivitis. Koplik spots may also be present in the mouth.
A 4-month-old infant is diagnosed with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Which of the following symptoms is most likely?
a) Cyanosis
b) Difficulty feeding
c) A systolic murmur heard at the left upper sternal border
d) A diastolic murmur heard at the lower left sternal border
Answer: c) A systolic murmur heard at the left upper sternal border
Explanation: PDA presents with a continuous “machinery” murmur heard best at the left upper sternal border due to abnormal blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery.
A 10-year-old child presents with a limp, fever, and pain in the hip joint. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Transient synovitis
b) Osteomyelitis
c) Septic arthritis
d) Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
Answer: c) Septic arthritis
Explanation: Septic arthritis presents with joint pain, fever, and an elevated white blood cell count. Immediate antibiotic therapy is necessary.
A 6-year-old child with sickle cell disease presents with acute pain in the abdomen and back. The child has a history of vaso-occlusive crises. What is the most appropriate management?
a) Intravenous hydration and pain management
b) Blood transfusion
c) Oral antibiotics
d) Immediate splenectomy
Answer: a) Intravenous hydration and pain management
Explanation: Sickle cell disease can cause painful vaso-occlusive crises, and management includes hydration and pain control. Blood transfusions may be needed in severe cases.
A 2-year-old child presents with a persistent cough, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. The child has a history of asthma. What is the most appropriate treatment for this acute episode?
a) Short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)
b) Oral corticosteroids
c) Long-acting beta-agonist (LABA)
d) Leukotriene receptor antagonists
Answer: a) Short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)
Explanation: A short-acting beta-agonist (e.g., albuterol) is the first-line treatment to relieve acute symptoms of asthma.
A 4-year-old child is diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. What is the most likely cause of this condition?
a) Insufficient dietary intake of iron
b) Malabsorption due to celiac disease
c) Hemorrhagic disorder
d) Chronic renal failure
Answer: a) Insufficient dietary intake of iron
Explanation: Iron-deficiency anemia is commonly caused by inadequate iron intake, particularly in young children who are transitioning to solid foods or who have a low intake of iron-rich foods.
A 12-year-old child is receiving chemotherapy for leukemia. The child presents with fever, sore throat, and a history of recent chemotherapy. What is the most likely cause?
a) Viral upper respiratory infection
b) Neutropenic fever
c) Streptococcal pharyngitis
d) Acute leukemia relapse
Answer: b) Neutropenic fever
Explanation: Neutropenic fever is a common complication of chemotherapy, resulting from a reduced white blood cell count and increased susceptibility to infections.
A 3-year-old child presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. The child also has a history of recent travel. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
a) Bacterial gastroenteritis
b) Viral gastroenteritis
c) Lactose intolerance
d) Food poisoning
Answer: b) Viral gastroenteritis
Explanation: Viral gastroenteritis is a common cause of diarrhea and vomiting in young children, especially following travel to areas with poor sanitation.
A 5-year-old child presents with fever, irritability, and a rash that includes a red, rough texture on the chest and back. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Scarlet fever
b) Chickenpox
c) Measles
d) Rubella
Answer: a) Scarlet fever
Explanation: Scarlet fever is caused by Group A Streptococcus and is characterized by a red, rough-textured rash along with a sore throat and fever.
A 2-year-old child presents with a high fever, irritability, and a red rash that starts on the face and spreads to the body. The child has a history of recent exposure to someone with a rash. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Measles
b) Chickenpox
c) Fifth disease
d) Rubella
Answer: a) Measles
Explanation: Measles presents with a characteristic rash that begins on the face and spreads to the rest of the body, often accompanied by a fever, cough, and conjunctivitis.
A 5-year-old child with a history of asthma presents with wheezing and shortness of breath. What is the most appropriate first-line treatment?
a) Oral corticosteroids
b) Inhaled beta-agonist
c) Long-acting beta-agonist
d) Leukotriene receptor antagonists
Answer: b) Inhaled beta-agonist
Explanation: Short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol) are first-line treatments to relieve acute asthma symptoms by bronchodilating the airways.
A 7-year-old child presents with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Diabetes insipidus
b) Type 1 diabetes mellitus
c) Hyperthyroidism
d) Cystic fibrosis
Answer: b) Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Explanation: Type 1 diabetes often presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss due to insulin deficiency and uncontrolled blood glucose levels.
A 4-year-old child presents with sudden onset of a severe, colicky abdominal pain, vomiting, and a “sausage-shaped” mass in the abdomen. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Acute appendicitis
b) Intussusception
c) Gastroenteritis
d) Gallbladder disease
Answer: b) Intussusception
Explanation: Intussusception is a condition where part of the intestine folds into itself, causing severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and a palpable mass. It’s a medical emergency requiring surgical intervention.
A 3-year-old child presents with a cough, nasal congestion, and a wheeze that worsens at night. The child has a history of frequent respiratory infections. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Asthma
b) Bronchiolitis
c) Allergic rhinitis
d) Pneumonia
Answer: a) Asthma
Explanation: Asthma often presents with wheezing, cough, and difficulty breathing, particularly at night or in the early morning, due to airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
A 10-year-old child is diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia. What is the most appropriate first-line antibiotic treatment?
a) Amoxicillin
b) Azithromycin
c) Ceftriaxone
d) Vancomycin
Answer: a) Amoxicillin
Explanation: Amoxicillin is commonly used as the first-line treatment for bacterial pneumonia in children, especially caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
A 6-year-old child presents with excessive bruising, petechiae, and prolonged bleeding after a minor injury. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Hemophilia
b) Leukemia
c) Iron-deficiency anemia
d) Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Answer: d) Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Explanation: ITP is an autoimmune disorder that leads to a low platelet count, causing easy bruising and prolonged bleeding.
A 3-year-old child is diagnosed with croup. What is the most appropriate treatment for this condition?
a) Oral corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine
b) Antibiotics
c) Antihistamines
d) Bronchodilators
Answer: a) Oral corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine
Explanation: Croup is treated with oral corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and nebulized epinephrine to reduce airway swelling and improve breathing.
A 7-year-old child presents with a persistent cough, fever, and chest pain. A chest X-ray reveals a patchy infiltrate. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Pneumonia
b) Bronchiolitis
c) Tuberculosis
d) Cystic fibrosis
Answer: a) Pneumonia
Explanation: Pneumonia is a common cause of cough, fever, and chest pain, and a chest X-ray often shows infiltrates in the affected area of the lungs.
A 4-year-old child with a history of allergic rhinitis presents with sneezing, itching, and watery eyes. What is the most appropriate treatment?
a) Antihistamines
b) Corticosteroids
c) Leukotriene receptor antagonists
d) Decongestants
Answer: a) Antihistamines
Explanation: Antihistamines are the first-line treatment for allergic rhinitis, helping to relieve sneezing, itching, and watery eyes by blocking histamine release.
A 9-year-old child presents with fever, sore throat, and a “strawberry tongue.” What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Measles
b) Scarlet fever
c) Strep throat
d) Kawasaki disease
Answer: b) Scarlet fever
Explanation: Scarlet fever, caused by Group A Streptococcus, is characterized by a sore throat, fever, and a distinctive “strawberry tongue.”
A 2-year-old child presents with irritability, vomiting, and high fever. On examination, there is a bulging fontanelle. What is the most likely cause?
a) Hydrocephalus
b) Meningitis
c) Sepsis
d) Intracranial hemorrhage
Answer: b) Meningitis
Explanation: Meningitis can present with fever, irritability, vomiting, and bulging fontanelles in infants due to increased intracranial pressure.
A 10-year-old child with sickle cell disease presents with severe pain in the chest, difficulty breathing, and hypoxia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Pulmonary embolism
b) Acute chest syndrome
c) Asthma exacerbation
d) Pneumonia
Answer: b) Acute chest syndrome
Explanation: Acute chest syndrome is a common complication of sickle cell disease and is characterized by chest pain, hypoxia, and respiratory distress.
A 4-month-old infant is diagnosed with pyloric stenosis. What is the most common presenting symptom?
a) Projectile vomiting
b) Diarrhea
c) Fever
d) Abdominal distention
Answer: a) Projectile vomiting
Explanation: Pyloric stenosis presents with projectile vomiting due to obstruction at the pylorus, preventing food from passing into the small intestine.
A 12-year-old child with diabetes presents with deep, rapid breathing, fruity-smelling breath, and lethargy. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Hypoglycemia
b) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
c) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
d) Sepsis
Answer: b) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Explanation: DKA presents with hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations), and fruity-smelling breath due to the accumulation of ketones.
A 3-year-old child presents with a history of frequent respiratory infections and failure to thrive. On physical exam, there is a “barrel chest” and prolonged expirations. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Asthma
b) Cystic fibrosis
c) Bronchitis
d) Pneumonia
Answer: b) Cystic fibrosis
Explanation: Cystic fibrosis presents with chronic respiratory infections, failure to thrive, and characteristic lung findings, including a barrel chest.
A 6-year-old child presents with a headache, nausea, and vomiting. The child has a recent history of a fall. What is the most concerning potential complication?
a) Migraine
b) Concussion
c) Brain tumor
d) Hematoma
Answer: b) Concussion
Explanation: A fall in a child with symptoms of headache, nausea, and vomiting raises concern for a concussion or other traumatic brain injury.
A 5-year-old child presents with red, painful eyes, photophobia, and blurred vision. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Conjunctivitis
b) Uveitis
c) Blepharitis
d) Keratitis
Answer: b) Uveitis
Explanation: Uveitis, inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, can present with pain, photophobia, and blurred vision. It requires prompt treatment to prevent complications.
A 8-year-old child is diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis. What is the most appropriate treatment?
a) Antihistamines
b) Corticosteroid eye drops
c) Antibiotic eye drops
d) Saline lavage
Answer: a) Antihistamines
Explanation: Antihistamines are the first-line treatment for allergic conjunctivitis, helping to relieve itching, redness, and tearing associated with allergic reactions.
A 10-year-old child with a history of asthma presents with acute difficulty breathing and wheezing after exposure to pollen. What is the most appropriate first-line treatment?
a) Inhaled corticosteroids
b) Short-acting beta-agonists (SABA)
c) Long-acting beta-agonists (LABA)
d) Leukotriene receptor antagonists
Answer: b) Short-acting beta-agonists (SABA)
Explanation: Short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol) provide rapid relief of acute asthma symptoms by dilating the airways.
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