Sample Questions and Answers
Which of the following best defines “statistics” in the context of health care research?
A. The study of how to measure the quality of health care services
B. The collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data
C. The exploration of health care disparities
D. The analysis of clinical trials only
Answer: B
Which of the following is an example of descriptive statistics?
A. Regression analysis
B. Hypothesis testing
C. Mean, median, and mode
D. Analysis of variance
Answer: C
A p-value of 0.03 indicates that the null hypothesis:
A. Is definitely false
B. Has a 3% chance of being true
C. Is rejected if the significance level is 0.05
D. Cannot be tested
Answer: C
The purpose of power analysis is to determine:
A. The appropriate sample size for a study
B. The statistical significance of the study results
C. The mean and standard deviation of data
D. Whether the hypothesis is true or false
Answer: A
What is the mode of the following dataset: 3, 5, 7, 7, 10, 12?
A. 7
B. 5
C. 10
D. 12
Answer: A
A sample is defined as:
A. A subset of a population
B. The entire population being studied
C. The most common data point in a dataset
D. A method of collecting qualitative data
Answer: A
The reliability of a measurement refers to:
A. The consistency of the measurement
B. The validity of the measurement
C. The accuracy of the measurement
D. The external factors affecting the measurement
Answer: A
Which of the following is a characteristic of a normal distribution?
A. The distribution is skewed to the right
B. The mean, median, and mode are all equal
C. The distribution has no peaks
D. The distribution is bimodal
Answer: B
Which of the following sampling methods involves selecting every nth individual from a population?
A. Simple random sampling
B. Stratified sampling
C. Systematic sampling
D. Convenience sampling
Answer: C
In a randomized controlled trial, the experimental group receives:
A. A placebo
B. No treatment
C. The treatment being tested
D. A standard care treatment
Answer: C
What type of variable is “blood pressure” in a health care study?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio
Answer: D
Which of the following measures the central tendency of a data set?
A. Range
B. Variance
C. Mean
D. Standard deviation
Answer: C
A sample of 100 people shows a mean age of 45 years. What is the best description of the mean in this context?
A. A measure of variation
B. A measure of central tendency
C. A measure of correlation
D. A measure of power
Answer: B
Which of the following is true about the null hypothesis?
A. It is assumed to be true unless evidence suggests otherwise
B. It always needs to be rejected
C. It is a hypothesis that can only be accepted
D. It is never tested
Answer: A
The standard deviation is a measure of:
A. The mean of the data
B. The middle value in a data set
C. The spread of the data
D. The sample size
Answer: C
A clinical researcher is studying the relationship between physical activity and blood pressure. The researcher collects data from a random sample of participants. What kind of variable is “blood pressure”?
A. Independent variable
B. Dependent variable
C. Confounding variable
D. Control variable
Answer: B
In a research study, which type of variable can be classified as having categories with no specific order?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio
Answer: A
What is a confidence interval?
A. A range of values within which the true population parameter is likely to fall
B. The exact value of the population parameter
C. A measure of the variability within a dataset
D. The expected outcome of an experiment
Answer: A
Which of the following is true regarding experimental design?
A. It only includes observational studies
B. It involves manipulating one variable to observe the effect on another variable
C. It does not include control groups
D. It can only be conducted with non-random samples
Answer: B
In a study, if the p-value is less than 0.05, the result is considered:
A. Insignificant
B. Likely due to chance
C. Statistically significant
D. Invalid
Answer: C
What is a primary reason for using random sampling in health care research?
A. To reduce variability in the sample
B. To ensure that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected
C. To increase the sample size
D. To control for external variables
Answer: B
In statistical hypothesis testing, the alternative hypothesis represents:
A. The expected outcome based on prior knowledge
B. The claim to be tested against the null hypothesis
C. A hypothesis that is always proven
D. The null hypothesis
Answer: B
Which of the following is an example of a nominal variable?
A. Height
B. Age
C. Gender
D. Temperature
Answer: C
A study reports that a new medication reduces cholesterol by an average of 15 mg/dL with a p-value of 0.01. What does this suggest?
A. There is strong evidence that the medication has an effect
B. The medication has no effect
C. The result is due to chance
D. The sample size is too small
Answer: A
Which of the following is a limitation of using mean as a measure of central tendency?
A. It is unaffected by extreme values
B. It cannot be used with interval data
C. It can be influenced by outliers
D. It cannot be used for small sample sizes
Answer: C
Which sampling method is most likely to produce a biased sample?
A. Simple random sampling
B. Stratified sampling
C. Convenience sampling
D. Systematic sampling
Answer: C
What does the term “statistical significance” refer to?
A. The likelihood that a result is due to random chance
B. The importance of the result to the research question
C. The magnitude of the result
D. The accuracy of the data
Answer: A
In a study, the researcher uses a control group to:
A. Compare the effects of the experimental treatment
B. Increase the sample size
C. Minimize measurement error
D. Make the study more generalizable
Answer: A
Which of the following is a key feature of an experimental design?
A. Random assignment
B. No control group
C. Non-random sample selection
D. Observational methods only
Answer: A
Which type of error occurs when a researcher fails to reject a false null hypothesis?
A. Type I error
B. Type II error
C. Random error
D. Measurement error
Answer: B
Which of the following is the primary purpose of descriptive statistics in health care research?
A. To test hypotheses
B. To summarize and organize data
C. To predict future outcomes
D. To establish causal relationships
Answer: B
In the context of health care data, an interval variable is:
A. A variable with ordered categories but no true zero point
B. A variable with categories that can be ranked in a meaningful order
C. A variable that has both ordered categories and a true zero point
D. A variable that represents categories with no inherent order
Answer: A
What is the significance of a confidence level of 95% in a study?
A. It indicates that the results are 95% accurate
B. It means the null hypothesis is rejected 95% of the time
C. It suggests that there is a 95% probability that the true population parameter lies within the confidence interval
D. It guarantees that the results will be valid
Answer: C
Which of the following is a limitation of using median as a measure of central tendency?
A. It is heavily influenced by outliers
B. It can be used with ordinal data
C. It is less informative than the mean in normal distributions
D. It cannot be used with interval data
Answer: C
What type of analysis would you use to determine whether there is a relationship between the number of hours spent exercising and cholesterol levels in a population?
A. Descriptive statistics
B. Correlation analysis
C. Experimental design
D. Regression analysis
Answer: B
In hypothesis testing, the alternative hypothesis is:
A. A statement that assumes no effect
B. A statement that proposes a significant effect or relationship
C. A statement that cannot be tested statistically
D. Always proven true
Answer: B
If a researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when it is false, this is an example of:
A. Type I error
B. Type II error
C. Statistical significance
D. Random error
Answer: B
Which of the following sampling methods ensures that subgroups of a population are represented proportionally in the sample?
A. Simple random sampling
B. Stratified sampling
C. Convenience sampling
D. Cluster sampling
Answer: B
In an experiment, what is the role of a control group?
A. To receive the treatment being tested
B. To allow the researcher to compare the effects of the treatment with no treatment
C. To ensure the sample size is large enough
D. To eliminate any bias in the sampling method
Answer: B
A variable that can take on any value within a given range is called a:
A. Discrete variable
B. Categorical variable
C. Continuous variable
D. Ordinal variable
Answer: C
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