Sample Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the primary function of the kidneys?
A) Filter waste from the blood
B) Produce insulin
C) Control heart rate
D) Digest food
Answer: A) Filter waste from the blood
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A) Nephron
B) Glomerulus
C) Renal pelvis
D) Ureter
Answer: A) Nephron
Where does filtration occur in the nephron?
A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Loop of Henle
C) Glomerulus
D) Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: C) Glomerulus
Which structure connects the kidney to the bladder?
A) Urethra
B) Ureter
C) Renal artery
D) Renal vein
Answer: B) Ureter
What is the name of the waste product produced by the breakdown of proteins?
A) Urea
B) Creatinine
C) Ammonia
D) Uric acid
Answer: A) Urea
What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?
A) Reabsorption of water
B) Secretion of ions
C) Filtration of blood
D) Concentration of urine
Answer: D) Concentration of urine
Which hormone is responsible for regulating the reabsorption of water in the kidneys?
A) Insulin
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Thyroid hormone
D) Estrogen
Answer: B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The process of reabsorbing water and solutes back into the bloodstream is called:
A) Filtration
B) Reabsorption
C) Secretion
D) Excretion
Answer: B) Reabsorption
Which structure stores urine until it is excreted?
A) Ureter
B) Bladder
C) Urethra
D) Kidney
Answer: B) Bladder
The process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood is called:
A) Filtration
B) Reabsorption
C) Secretion
D) Excretion
Answer: A) Filtration
What is the normal pH range of urine?
A) 4.5–5.5
B) 6.0–7.0
C) 7.0–8.0
D) 8.0–9.0
Answer: B) 6.0–7.0
Which part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of nutrient and water reabsorption?
A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Loop of Henle
C) Glomerulus
D) Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: A) Proximal convoluted tubule
What is the name of the capillary network where filtration occurs in the kidney?
A) Vasa recta
B) Glomerulus
C) Renal corpuscle
D) Peritubular capillaries
Answer: B) Glomerulus
The condition where excess glucose is found in the urine is called:
A) Hematuria
B) Proteinuria
C) Glycosuria
D) Polyuria
Answer: C) Glycosuria
Which of the following is a waste product that is excreted by the kidneys?
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Urea
D) Glucose
Answer: C) Urea
What is the normal volume of urine excreted daily?
A) 500–1000 mL
B) 1000–1500 mL
C) 1500–2000 mL
D) 2000–2500 mL
Answer: B) 1000–1500 mL
Which of the following is the primary function of the renal tubules?
A) Filter blood
B) Secrete hormones
C) Reabsorb nutrients and water
D) Store urine
Answer: C) Reabsorb nutrients and water
The condition in which the kidneys cannot filter waste effectively is called:
A) Chronic kidney disease
B) Diabetes insipidus
C) Hypertension
D) Glomerulonephritis
Answer: A) Chronic kidney disease
Which substance is secreted into the filtrate to help regulate pH?
A) Potassium
B) Hydrogen ions
C) Sodium
D) Bicarbonate ions
Answer: B) Hydrogen ions
What structure collects urine from the nephron before it enters the ureter?
A) Renal pelvis
B) Glomerulus
C) Urethra
D) Bowman’s capsule
Answer: A) Renal pelvis
Which of the following structures is part of the renal corpuscle?
A) Loop of Henle
B) Glomerulus
C) Proximal convoluted tubule
D) Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: B) Glomerulus
Which hormone increases the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys?
A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B) Aldosterone
C) Renin
D) Insulin
Answer: B) Aldosterone
What is the term for the movement of urine from the kidney to the bladder?
A) Peristalsis
B) Diffusion
C) Filtration
D) Reabsorption
Answer: A) Peristalsis
What is the name of the structure that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
A) Urethra
B) Ureter
C) Renal pelvis
D) Proximal convoluted tubule
Answer: A) Urethra
Which of the following statements about the bladder is true?
A) It has two sphincters for voluntary and involuntary control.
B) It has only one sphincter for involuntary control.
C) It stores urine for up to 48 hours.
D) It is located behind the kidneys.
Answer: A) It has two sphincters for voluntary and involuntary control.
What is the name of the small blood vessels that surround the nephron and allow reabsorption?
A) Vasa recta
B) Glomerulus
C) Peritubular capillaries
D) Renal arteries
Answer: C) Peritubular capillaries
Which of the following is a function of the kidneys besides waste removal?
A) Regulation of blood pressure
B) Regulation of body temperature
C) Storage of glucose
D) Production of red blood cells
Answer: A) Regulation of blood pressure
The sensation of needing to urinate is primarily controlled by which part of the brain?
A) Medulla oblongata
B) Cerebellum
C) Hypothalamus
D) Cerebral cortex
Answer: D) Cerebral cortex
Which of the following is a common sign of urinary tract infection (UTI)?
A) High blood pressure
B) Painful urination
C) Decreased heart rate
D) Excessive thirst
Answer: B) Painful urination
Which is the most common form of renal failure?
A) Chronic kidney disease
B) Acute kidney injury
C) Nephrotic syndrome
D) Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: A) Chronic kidney disease
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