Sample Questions and Answers
What is the “Wilcoxon signed-rank test” used for?
A) To compare the means of two independent groups
B) To compare the medians of two related groups when the data is not normally distributed
C) To test the relationship between two variables
D) To compare the means of more than two groups
Answer: B
What does “variance” measure in a dataset?
A) The average value of the data points
B) The average squared deviation from the mean
C) The difference between the highest and lowest values
D) The proportion of variation explained by the independent variable
Answer: B
What is the “Shapiro-Wilk test” used for in statistics?
A) To test the normality of the data
B) To compare the means of two groups
C) To test the equality of variances
D) To calculate the correlation between two variables
Answer: A
What is “type II error” in hypothesis testing?
A) Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
B) Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false
C) Rejecting the alternative hypothesis when it is true
D) Failing to detect a true effect
Answer: B
What is the main purpose of a “control group” in an experimental study?
A) To test the effect of a different intervention
B) To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group
C) To eliminate measurement error
D) To randomly assign participants to treatment groups
Answer: B
What does “outlier” refer to in a dataset?
A) A value that is close to the mean
B) A value that significantly deviates from the rest of the data
C) A measurement error in the data
D) A value that is highly correlated with other data points
Answer: B
What does “meta-analysis” involve?
A) Analyzing a single study to draw conclusions
B) Combining the results of multiple studies to provide a more comprehensive conclusion
C) Testing the significance of a new hypothesis
D) Analyzing the variability in a single dataset
Answer: B
What is “ordinal regression” used for?
A) To analyze the relationship between two continuous variables
B) To predict the probability of a dependent variable based on ordinal data
C) To compare means between two independent groups
D) To analyze the effect of one continuous independent variable on a dependent variable
Answer: B
What is the “Bonferroni correction” used for in statistical testing?
A) To test for homogeneity of variance
B) To correct for multiple comparisons and reduce the risk of Type I errors
C) To determine the strength of a correlation
D) To adjust the sample size for a study
Answer: B
What is the main assumption of “linear regression”?
A) The relationship between variables is linear
B) The variables are categorical
C) The residuals are homoscedastic
D) The dependent variable is constant
Answer: A
What is the primary purpose of “cluster analysis”?
A) To classify data into categories based on similarity
B) To determine the relationship between two variables
C) To test for differences between two groups
D) To identify outliers in the data
Answer: A
What does the “z-score” indicate?
A) The mean of a dataset
B) The number of standard deviations a data point is from the mean
C) The difference between the highest and lowest data points
D) The variance of the dataset
Answer: B
What is “data normalization”?
A) The process of standardizing data by adjusting it to a common scale
B) The process of removing outliers from the dataset
C) The process of categorizing the data into groups
D) The process of increasing the sample size for a study
Answer: A
What is the “Pearson’s chi-squared test” used for?
A) To test the relationship between two continuous variables
B) To test for differences in proportions between two or more categorical variables
C) To compare means between two groups
D) To assess the strength of a regression model
Answer: B
What is the “Shannon entropy” used to measure in statistical analysis?
A) The degree of association between two continuous variables
B) The degree of uncertainty or randomness in a dataset
C) The standard deviation of a dataset
D) The effect size of an experimental intervention
Answer: B
What is “sample size calculation” important for in a study?
A) To determine the number of participants needed to achieve reliable results
B) To assess the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
C) To calculate the mean and standard deviation
D) To test the statistical significance of the hypothesis
Answer: A
In a study, what is “external validity”?
A) The degree to which results can be generalized to the larger population
B) The ability to manipulate independent variables
C) The consistency of measurements over time
D) The lack of bias in the study design
Answer: A
What is the “central limit theorem”?
A) The principle that the mean of a sample is always equal to the population mean
B) The principle that the sum of random variables tends to be normally distributed as the sample size increases
C) The principle that the variance of a sample is equal to the variance of the population
D) The principle that correlation does not imply causation
Answer: B
What is a “systematic review”?
A) A qualitative analysis of individual studies on a topic
B) A review of literature with a focus on statistical significance
C) A comprehensive review of studies that includes clear methods for selection and synthesis
D) A study that collects new data for analysis
Answer: C
What is “multinomial logistic regression”?
A) A regression model used when the dependent variable has two outcomes
B) A regression model used when the dependent variable has more than two categories
C) A regression model used for predicting continuous outcomes
D) A statistical test used for comparing means between groups
Answer: B
What is the purpose of “statistical inference”?
A) To summarize the characteristics of a dataset
B) To make conclusions or predictions about a population based on sample data
C) To visualize data using graphs
D) To collect data from participants
Answer: B
What does “heteroscedasticity” refer to in regression analysis?
A) When the variance of residuals is constant across all levels of the independent variable
B) When the data are normally distributed
C) When the variance of residuals changes as the independent variable changes
D) When there is no correlation between the variables
Answer: C
What is the primary difference between “parametric” and “non-parametric” tests?
A) Parametric tests assume the data follows a specific distribution, whereas non-parametric tests do not
B) Non-parametric tests can only be used for categorical data
C) Parametric tests are always more accurate than non-parametric tests
D) Non-parametric tests require larger sample sizes than parametric tests
Answer: A
What is “outlier detection”?
A) The process of calculating the mean and standard deviation of a dataset
B) The identification and removal of data points that significantly differ from the rest of the data
C) The process of standardizing data to make comparisons easier
D) The technique used to adjust for missing data
Answer: B
What is “ordinal data”?
A) Data that can be ordered or ranked, but the intervals between ranks are not consistent
B) Data that consists of numerical values with equal intervals between them
C) Data that represents categories without any specific order
D) Data that measures continuous variables
Answer: A
What is the “Cochran’s Q test” used for?
A) To test differences in proportions for more than two related groups
B) To compare means between two independent groups
C) To test the relationship between two continuous variables
D) To compare multiple variables in a multivariate analysis
Answer: A
In a study, what does “internal validity” refer to?
A) The degree to which the results can be generalized to other populations
B) The degree to which a study accurately measures the relationship between variables without bias
C) The statistical significance of the results
D) The consistency of the results across different studies
Answer: B
What does the “F-statistic” in an ANOVA test measure?
A) The ratio of variance between groups to variance within groups
B) The difference between the largest and smallest values in the dataset
C) The strength of the relationship between two continuous variables
D) The total variance in the dependent variable
Answer: A
What is the primary function of “survival analysis”?
A) To predict the time until an event occurs, such as death or failure
B) To analyze the correlation between two continuous variables
C) To compare means between multiple groups
D) To test for differences between categorical variables
Answer: A
What is “confidence level”?
A) The range within which a population parameter lies
B) The probability that the null hypothesis is true
C) The likelihood that the sample mean equals the population mean
D) The degree of uncertainty in the sample data
Answer: A
What is the “Levene’s test” used to assess?
A) Whether the data is normally distributed
B) Whether the variances of multiple groups are equal
C) Whether there is a significant correlation between variables
D) Whether the data contains outliers
Answer: B
What does “bootstrapping” involve in statistical analysis?
A) The process of generating multiple resamples from the original dataset to estimate the sampling distribution
B) The process of calculating confidence intervals from a single dataset
C) The method of adjusting for missing data by using interpolation
D) The technique of standardizing data to improve comparability
Answer: A
What is “factor analysis” used for?
A) To test the relationship between two variables
B) To identify underlying factors or dimensions in a large set of variables
C) To predict the dependent variable from multiple independent variables
D) To test for differences between multiple groups
Answer: B
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