Sample Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of a non-normative life event?
A) A child going to school for the first time
B) A teenager graduating from high school
C) A person experiencing the death of a parent at a young age
D) A person retiring from work at the age of 65
Answer: C
According to Erikson, the primary developmental task in infancy is:
A) Developing trust in caregivers
B) Developing a sense of independence
C) Establishing intimacy with others
D) Achieving a sense of identity
Answer: A
In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following best describes the concrete operational stage?
A) Thinking in abstract terms
B) Focus on concrete objects and situations
C) Mastery of symbolic thinking
D) Development of egocentric thinking
Answer: B
According to Maslow, what must be satisfied before an individual can pursue self-actualization?
A) Physiological and safety needs
B) Esteem and social needs
C) Cognitive and self-esteem needs
D) Emotional and personal growth needs
Answer: A
Which of the following is a feature of the latent stage of psychosexual development, according to Freud?
A) Focus on sexual energy and attraction
B) Development of intellectual and social skills
C) Development of trust and attachment
D) Focus on achieving a sense of identity
Answer: B
What is the primary characteristic of a “secure attachment” in infancy?
A) The child feels distressed when the caregiver leaves but is easily comforted upon return
B) The child ignores the caregiver’s presence and does not seek comfort
C) The child becomes overly dependent on the caregiver for all needs
D) The child experiences anxiety and discomfort in new situations
Answer: A
Which of the following is the primary focus of psychosocial development during adolescence, according to Erikson?
A) Establishing independence from parents
B) Developing a sense of identity
C) Establishing generativity
D) Building relationships with peers
Answer: B
Which of the following is the central focus of cognitive development in adolescence, according to Piaget?
A) Abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning
B) Development of moral values
C) Mastery of conservation tasks
D) Object permanence
Answer: A
According to Vygotsky, which of the following is a key factor in cognitive development?
A) Independent learning without assistance
B) Active interaction with the physical environment
C) Collaborative learning with more knowledgeable others
D) The use of standardized tests to measure progress
Answer: C
Which of the following is an example of a formal operational thinking process according to Piaget?
A) Solving problems based on logic and abstract reasoning
B) Using trial and error to solve problems
C) Developing a theory about the world based on sensory experiences
D) Recognizing that quantities remain constant despite changes in appearance
Answer: A
According to Erikson, the main challenge of adolescence is:
A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Identity versus role confusion
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Integrity versus despair
Answer: B
In which of Freud’s psychosexual stages does the child first experience the development of sexual feelings toward the opposite-sex parent?
A) Oral stage
B) Phallic stage
C) Latency stage
D) Genital stage
Answer: B
According to Vygotsky, what is the role of language in cognitive development?
A) Language restricts cognitive development by focusing on external factors
B) Language has no effect on cognitive development
C) Language helps children internalize their thoughts and knowledge
D) Language is only used for social communication, not for cognitive development
Answer: C
Which of the following statements best describes Kohlberg’s preconventional level of moral development?
A) Moral decisions are based on upholding laws and social order
B) Moral decisions are based on abstract ethical principles
C) Moral decisions are made based on self-interest and avoiding punishment
D) Moral decisions are based on what is best for the collective society
Answer: C
In Erikson’s theory, the challenge of “intimacy versus isolation” is most associated with which stage of development?
A) Adolescence
B) Young adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
Answer: B
According to Piaget, at which stage do children typically develop the ability to use logical operations, such as understanding conservation?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational
Answer: C
According to Maslow, which of the following needs must be fulfilled before a person can pursue self-esteem needs?
A) Safety needs
B) Social belonging needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Physiological needs
Answer: B
Which of the following describes a characteristic of moral reasoning at the postconventional level, according to Kohlberg?
A) Moral decisions are made based on obedience and avoiding punishment
B) Moral decisions are made based on what is best for the collective good
C) Moral decisions are made based on universal ethical principles
D) Moral decisions are made based on maintaining social order
Answer: C
According to Erikson, the primary developmental task in late adulthood is:
A) Generativity versus stagnation
B) Identity versus role confusion
C) Integrity versus despair
D) Intimacy versus isolation
Answer: C
In which of Freud’s stages is the child’s focus on satisfying the libido through oral activities, such as sucking and biting?
A) Oral stage
B) Phallic stage
C) Latency stage
D) Genital stage
Answer: A
According to Vygotsky, what is the most important factor in children’s cognitive development?
A) The biological maturation of the child
B) The child’s ability to solve problems independently
C) The guidance and interaction with more knowledgeable others
D) The child’s capacity to think abstractly
Answer: C
In the context of Erikson’s psychosocial stages, what is the primary challenge in early adulthood?
A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Identity versus role confusion
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Generativity versus stagnation
Answer: C
Which of the following is an example of a “normative age-graded influence” on development?
A) An unexpected illness at age 50
B) Starting school at age 6
C) A traumatic life event
D) A personal decision to travel the world
Answer: B
According to Freud, which component of personality operates based on the “pleasure principle”?
A) Ego
B) Superego
C) Id
D) Conscience
Answer: C
According to Erikson, the task of “generativity versus stagnation” is most associated with:
A) Early adulthood
B) Adolescence
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
Answer: C
Which of the following statements best characterizes the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
A) The child uses concrete objects and operations to solve problems
B) The child develops the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically
C) The child is unable to understand logical operations
D) The child focuses on solving problems based on sensory experiences
Answer: B
Which of the following best describes the idea of “object permanence,” according to Piaget?
A) The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or heard
B) The ability to think logically about objects and events
C) The ability to understand that objects can change shape but retain their quantity
D) The understanding of basic moral principles and justice
Answer: A
According to Maslow, which needs must be satisfied first in his hierarchy of needs?
A) Physiological needs
B) Esteem needs
C) Social belonging needs
D) Safety needs
Answer: A
Which of the following best defines the concept of “socialization” in human development?
A) The process of learning to behave according to the expectations of society
B) The process of developing cognitive abilities
C) The process of acquiring language skills
D) The process of satisfying biological needs
Answer: A
According to Freud’s theory, the latency stage of development is characterized by:
A) The development of sexual feelings
B) The development of intellectual and social skills
C) The focus on pleasure through oral activities
D) The resolution of the Oedipus complex
Answer: B
Which of the following is the primary task of adolescents according to Erikson?
A) Developing trust in others
B) Gaining independence and establishing an identity
C) Nurturing future generations
D) Establishing close and intimate relationships
Answer: B
According to Kohlberg, at which stage of moral development do individuals begin to consider the welfare of others and base their decisions on justice and fairness?
A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Autonomous
Answer: C
According to Erikson, which challenge is most associated with the development of early childhood?
A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) Initiative versus guilt
D) Integrity versus despair
Answer: B
In Piaget’s theory, the sensorimotor stage is characterized by:
A) The ability to perform operations mentally
B) The use of symbols and language to represent objects
C) The development of object permanence
D) The ability to think abstractly
Answer: C
According to Maslow, the need for esteem and self-respect is categorized as:
A) Physiological needs
B) Safety needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Self-actualization needs
Answer: C
Which of the following is true of the “trust versus mistrust” stage in Erikson’s theory?
A) The child must develop a sense of autonomy
B) The infant learns to trust caregivers and the world around them
C) The child must form intimate relationships with others
D) The child struggles with issues of self-worth
Answer: B
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