Sample Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the primary goal of epidemiology in population health?
A) To provide treatment for diseases
B) To track individual patient outcomes
C) To understand disease distribution and determinants in populations
D) To develop new pharmaceuticals
Answer: C) To understand disease distribution and determinants in populations
A nurse is assessing the health of a community by measuring the number of new cases of diabetes in a population during a specific time period. This is an example of:
A) Incidence
B) Prevalence
C) Mortality rate
D) Risk factor assessment
Answer: A) Incidence
Which of the following is a direct determinant of health in a population?
A) Social support
B) Genetics
C) Education level
D) Access to healthcare
Answer: B) Genetics
Which term refers to the number of people living with a particular health condition at a given time in a population?
A) Prevalence
B) Mortality rate
C) Incidence
D) Relative risk
Answer: A) Prevalence
The nurse is conducting a study on the relationship between smoking and lung cancer. Which type of study design is best for investigating this?
A) Cross-sectional study
B) Cohort study
C) Case-control study
D) Experimental study
Answer: B) Cohort study
What does a “confounding variable” refer to in epidemiological research?
A) A variable that is unrelated to the disease being studied
B) A variable that distorts the perceived relationship between the exposure and the outcome
C) A variable that directly causes the health outcome
D) A variable that has no effect on the outcome
Answer: B) A variable that distorts the perceived relationship between the exposure and the outcome
Which of the following is the primary purpose of using random sampling in epidemiological studies?
A) To ensure equal treatment for all participants
B) To make the study more affordable
C) To minimize bias and ensure representativeness of the sample
D) To control for confounding variables
Answer: C) To minimize bias and ensure representativeness of the sample
The nurse is calculating the “relative risk” in a population exposed to a particular environmental hazard. What does this metric indicate?
A) The chance of developing the disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group
B) The overall mortality rate in the population
C) The frequency of a disease in the population
D) The genetic predisposition to a disease
Answer: A) The chance of developing the disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group
In epidemiology, the term “incubation period” refers to:
A) The time between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms
B) The time between diagnosis and recovery
C) The period during which a patient is contagious
D) The time between treatment initiation and improvement
Answer: A) The time between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms
A nurse is collecting data on the number of deaths from heart disease in a community over the past year. What epidemiological measure is the nurse calculating?
A) Incidence rate
B) Mortality rate
C) Prevalence rate
D) Attack rate
Answer: B) Mortality rate
A population health nurse is conducting a health needs assessment of a rural community. What is the first step in this process?
A) Implementing health interventions
B) Evaluating the community’s health needs
C) Identifying health resources in the community
D) Analyzing health disparities in the community
Answer: B) Evaluating the community’s health needs
Which of the following is a primary prevention strategy for reducing the spread of infectious diseases?
A) Providing medications to individuals with the disease
B) Conducting screenings to detect early stages of disease
C) Implementing vaccination programs
D) Providing rehabilitation services
Answer: C) Implementing vaccination programs
What is the purpose of surveillance in epidemiology?
A) To treat individuals with a disease
B) To collect and analyze data to detect health trends
C) To conduct randomized controlled trials
D) To develop new vaccines
Answer: B) To collect and analyze data to detect health trends
What is an example of secondary prevention in population health?
A) Encouraging regular physical activity
B) Providing screening for early detection of cervical cancer
C) Offering vaccinations for measles
D) Promoting hand hygiene in schools
Answer: B) Providing screening for early detection of cervical cancer
A nurse notices a sharp increase in cases of a particular respiratory illness in a community. What type of epidemiological study would be appropriate to identify the cause?
A) Case-control study
B) Cohort study
C) Ecological study
D) Outbreak investigation
Answer: D) Outbreak investigation
Which of the following is an example of a “modifiable” risk factor for chronic disease?
A) Age
B) Genetics
C) Smoking
D) Family history
Answer: C) Smoking
A nurse is educating a community on the importance of reducing salt intake to prevent high blood pressure. This is an example of:
A) Primary prevention
B) Tertiary prevention
C) Secondary prevention
D) Quaternary prevention
Answer: A) Primary prevention
What does the “population attributable risk” measure in epidemiology?
A) The proportion of disease cases in the population that can be attributed to a specific risk factor
B) The total number of people at risk for a disease
C) The economic burden of a disease in the population
D) The rate of disease transmission
Answer: A) The proportion of disease cases in the population that can be attributed to a specific risk factor
In an epidemiological study, which factor is most important for assessing causal relationships?
A) Temporal sequence
B) Convenience sampling
C) Study size
D) Length of the study
Answer: A) Temporal sequence
Which of the following epidemiological measures compares the rate of disease in an exposed group to the rate in an unexposed group?
A) Incidence rate
B) Risk ratio
C) Prevalence rate
D) Mortality rate
Answer: B) Risk ratio
What does “social determinants of health” refer to?
A) The impact of genetic makeup on disease
B) Biological factors influencing health
C) Social, economic, and environmental factors that affect health outcomes
D) Medical treatments that improve health
Answer: C) Social, economic, and environmental factors that affect health outcomes
Which of the following is an example of a non-communicable disease?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Influenza
C) Hypertension
D) Hepatitis B
Answer: C) Hypertension
The nurse is performing a risk assessment for a community with high levels of air pollution. What type of prevention strategy is this?
A) Tertiary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Primary prevention
D) Quaternary prevention
Answer: C) Primary prevention
In an outbreak investigation, what is the purpose of creating an epidemic curve?
A) To determine the total number of cases in a population
B) To identify the source of exposure
C) To illustrate the time course of disease occurrence
D) To evaluate the economic impact of the outbreak
Answer: C) To illustrate the time course of disease occurrence
The “Herd immunity” concept is most applicable to which type of disease?
A) Chronic diseases
B) Genetic disorders
C) Infectious diseases
D) Mental health disorders
Answer: C) Infectious diseases
A nurse is educating a group of women on the benefits of regular mammograms. This is an example of which level of prevention?
A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Quaternary prevention
Answer: B) Secondary prevention
Which of the following is an example of a “social gradient of health”?
A) Access to quality education
B) Availability of healthcare providers
C) High levels of community engagement
D) Genetic predisposition to disease
Answer: A) Access to quality education
A nurse is studying a disease that affects both men and women but is more prevalent in women. This is an example of a:
A) Risk factor
B) Health disparity
C) Causal factor
D) Non-modifiable factor
Answer: B) Health disparity
Which of the following terms refers to the proportion of a population that is immune to a specific infectious disease due to vaccination or prior infection?
A) Immunization coverage
B) Herd immunity
C) Incidence rate
D) Prevalence rate
Answer: B) Herd immunity
A nurse is conducting a community health survey to identify health behaviors. Which data collection method is most commonly used for large population surveys?
A) Focus groups
B) Interviews
C) Questionnaires
D) Case studies
Answer: C) Questionnaires
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