Sample Questions and Answers
What does “reliability” refer to in communication research?
A) The degree to which research findings are consistent and can be replicated
B) The degree to which research findings can be generalized
C) The accuracy of research findings in representing reality
D) The ability to measure complex variables effectively
Answer: A
What is “ethnography” in communication research?
A) A method that involves analyzing numerical data from surveys
B) A qualitative research method focusing on the study of culture and social practices through immersion
C) A method that examines the effects of media on audience behavior
D) A statistical analysis technique used to interpret survey results
Answer: B
What is “content validity” in communication research?
A) The degree to which a research instrument accurately measures a concept or variable
B) The degree to which survey responses are free from bias
C) The ability to replicate research results in different settings
D) The degree to which an instrument measures only one variable at a time
Answer: A
What is the “experimental method” in communication research?
A) A method focused on observing communication behaviors in natural settings
B) A method where researchers manipulate variables to observe their effects on other variables
C) A method that collects data from participants using surveys
D) A method of analyzing historical communication data
Answer: B
Which of the following best describes “longitudinal research”?
A) A study that analyzes a particular phenomenon at one point in time
B) A research design that involves collecting data at multiple time points to study changes over time
C) A research design that focuses on measuring participants’ responses to a single experiment
D) A study that analyzes a large sample size to identify patterns
Answer: B
What is “qualitative research” in communication studies?
A) Research that focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis
B) Research that explores the quality and meaning of communication behaviors, often through interviews or observations
C) Research that measures the effectiveness of communication campaigns
D) Research that examines the cause-and-effect relationships between variables
Answer: B
What is “random assignment” in an experimental study?
A) The random selection of participants from a population
B) The process of placing participants into different groups without any systematic pattern
C) The method of assigning survey questions to different groups
D) The process of ensuring that each participant receives the same treatment
Answer: B
What does “causal-comparative research” aim to do in communication studies?
A) To describe the behavior of participants without attempting to explain causes
B) To observe communication behavior in natural settings
C) To identify causal relationships by comparing different groups based on certain variables
D) To analyze historical communication trends and their implications
Answer: C
What is the “null hypothesis” in communication research?
A) The hypothesis that suggests there is a significant effect or relationship between variables
B) The hypothesis that suggests no significant effect or relationship between variables
C) The hypothesis that all research findings are random
D) The hypothesis that a specific relationship between variables will exist
Answer: B
In communication research, what is “data triangulation”?
A) Using multiple methods, data sources, or researchers to confirm findings and increase validity
B) Analyzing data from a single source to ensure consistency
C) Collecting data from different time points to study long-term effects
D) Using complex statistical techniques to analyze data
Answer: A
What is the purpose of “theoretical sampling” in qualitative research?
A) To ensure a random selection of participants for the study
B) To select participants based on the need for theoretical insights or to address emerging concepts
C) To focus only on participants who have experienced the research phenomenon
D) To collect data from the widest possible population
Answer: B
What does “data saturation” refer to in qualitative research?
A) The point at which new data no longer adds additional insights to the research question
B) The point where all data has been analyzed for patterns
C) The level of participant engagement with the research
D) The stage at which data collection is completed and no more interviews are necessary
Answer: A
What is “conceptual framework” in communication research?
A) A theoretical structure that guides the research by defining key concepts and their relationships
B) A set of data collection tools for qualitative research
C) A statistical method for analyzing the data
D) A theory that predicts the outcomes of communication behavior
Answer: A
What is a “correlational study” in communication research?
A) A study designed to establish a causal relationship between variables
B) A study that focuses on the relationship between two or more variables without determining causality
C) A study that measures the effects of media campaigns on behavior
D) A study that observes and records communication in a natural setting
Answer: B
What is the “Hawthorne effect” in communication research?
A) A bias that occurs when participants modify their behavior because they know they are being observed
B) A type of statistical error that occurs in surveys
C) A phenomenon where participants prefer certain communication methods over others
D) A research bias in focus groups due to groupthink
Answer: A
What is the “snowball sampling” technique used in communication research?
A) A random sampling method used to ensure diverse representation
B) A non-random sampling method where participants refer others who meet the research criteria
C) A survey technique that reaches participants through the use of snowball-related themes
D) A sampling method that collects data from a predefined sample size without variation
Answer: B
What is the “factorial design” in experimental research?
A) A method of analyzing survey responses
B) A research design that studies the effect of multiple independent variables on the dependent variable
C) A method for creating random assignment to experimental groups
D) A technique used to summarize large amounts of data into key factors
Answer: B
What is “data coding” in qualitative communication research?
A) The process of converting numerical data into text for analysis
B) The classification and labeling of data to identify patterns or themes
C) The development of new variables from existing data
D) The use of statistical software to generate codes for survey data analysis
Answer: B
In communication research, what does “content analysis” typically involve?
A) The statistical analysis of survey data
B) A systematic approach to analyzing the content of communication messages, such as texts or media
C) The observation of non-verbal communication in a natural setting
D) A method for categorizing and coding interviews
Answer: B
What is “qualitative content analysis” in communication research?
A) A statistical approach to summarizing qualitative data
B) A technique that involves coding and categorizing text to identify patterns and themes
C) A method of measuring the effectiveness of media campaigns
D) A quantitative analysis used to analyze survey results
Answer: B
What does the term “generalizability” mean in the context of communication research?
A) The extent to which research results can be replicated in future studies
B) The ability to apply the findings of a study to other settings or populations
C) The process of developing theories based on qualitative data
D) The degree to which research results are statistically significant
Answer: B
What is the “survey method” in communication research?
A) A method of gathering data through in-depth interviews
B) A structured technique used to collect data from a large number of participants
C) A method focused on analyzing the content of media messages
D) A way to observe communication in its natural setting
Answer: B
Which of the following best defines “measurement validity”?
A) The extent to which a measurement tool accurately reflects the concept it is intended to measure
B) The consistency of a measurement tool over time
C) The degree of generalizability of the research findings
D) The ability to measure multiple variables simultaneously
Answer: A
What does “replication” mean in communication research?
A) The process of interpreting and explaining research findings
B) The ability to reproduce study results by using the same methods and procedures
C) The process of revising research instruments to ensure validity
D) The use of theoretical frameworks to support research outcomes
Answer: B
What is the primary goal of “descriptive research” in communication studies?
A) To test hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships
B) To analyze the patterns and meanings of communication behaviors
C) To identify factors that influence communication behaviors in controlled environments
D) To describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon under study
Answer: D
What is a “research hypothesis” in communication research?
A) A claim made after the research is completed
B) A prediction about the relationship between variables that is tested during the study
C) A conclusion that is drawn based on statistical significance
D) An observation that forms the basis of the research design
Answer: B
Which of the following best describes “data triangulation”?
A) Using different types of data from the same source
B) Combining multiple methods or data sources to validate findings
C) Collecting data over a long period of time
D) Using a single source of data for triangulation
Answer: B
What is “peer review” in communication research?
A) A process in which research is evaluated by experts in the field before publication
B) The collection of data from participants who are peers of the researcher
C) A statistical method for evaluating research findings
D) A way to organize and categorize data during the research process
Answer: A
What is “meta-analysis” in communication research?
A) A qualitative approach to analyzing the results of multiple studies
B) A statistical method for combining results from different studies to identify overall trends
C) The detailed study of a single research project to examine its findings
D) The process of reviewing literature to frame the research hypothesis
Answer: B
What does “inductive reasoning” refer to in communication research?
A) A process of testing hypotheses to confirm or deny theories
B) The use of logic and generalization to draw conclusions from specific observations
C) A method of analyzing statistical data to validate research outcomes
D) A research technique focused on producing generalized findings
Answer: B
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