Sample Questions and Answers
Which of the following is not a major component of the plasma membrane?
A) Phospholipids
B) Cholesterol
C) Nucleic acids
D) Proteins
Answer: C) Nucleic acids
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell?
A) DNA replication
B) Protein synthesis
C) Energy production
D) Lipid metabolism
Answer: B) Protein synthesis
What structure is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins in the cell?
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondrion
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: C) Golgi apparatus
The process by which mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template is known as:
A) Translation
B) Replication
C) Transcription
D) Cloning
Answer: C) Transcription
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA during replication?
A) RNA polymerase
B) DNA polymerase
C) Helicase
D) Ligase
Answer: C) Helicase
In which part of the cell does DNA replication occur?
A) Nucleus
B) Cytoplasm
C) Mitochondria
D) Ribosome
Answer: A) Nucleus
Which of the following molecules is used as the template for protein synthesis during translation?
A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) DNA
D) rRNA
Answer: A) mRNA
The sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid is known as:
A) Codon
B) Anticodon
C) Exon
D) Intron
Answer: A) Codon
What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
A) Synthesis of proteins and lipids
B) Storage of genetic information
C) Production of energy
D) Detoxification
Answer: A) Synthesis of proteins and lipids
Which of the following best describes the function of mitochondria?
A) Storage of calcium ions
B) Production of ATP through cellular respiration
C) Protein synthesis
D) DNA replication
Answer: B) Production of ATP through cellular respiration
The molecular tool that allows for the copying of a specific gene segment in the laboratory is:
A) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
B) Gel electrophoresis
C) DNA microarray
D) Restriction enzyme
Answer: A) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Which organelle contains its own DNA and is involved in energy production?
A) Ribosome
B) Mitochondrion
C) Lysosome
D) Golgi apparatus
Answer: B) Mitochondrion
The genetic code is read in sets of how many nucleotides?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
Answer: C) Three
What is the primary function of lysosomes in the cell?
A) Protein synthesis
B) Storage of genetic material
C) Digestion of macromolecules
D) ATP production
Answer: C) Digestion of macromolecules
Which of the following is the correct order of the central dogma of molecular biology?
A) Transcription → Translation → Replication
B) Replication → Transcription → Translation
C) Translation → Replication → Transcription
D) Translation → Replication → Transcription
Answer: B) Replication → Transcription → Translation
In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
A) G1 phase
B) S phase
C) G2 phase
D) M phase
Answer: B) S phase
Which of the following is responsible for attaching amino acids to their corresponding tRNA molecules?
A) DNA polymerase
B) Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
C) RNA polymerase
D) Ribosome
Answer: B) Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Which of the following sequences of nucleotides would be complementary to the DNA sequence 3′-ATCG-5′?
A) 3′-TAGC-5′
B) 5′-TAGC-3′
C) 3′-GCTA-5′
D) 5′-GCTA-3′
Answer: B) 5′-TAGC-3′
What process is responsible for generating genetic diversity during meiosis?
A) Mitosis
B) Independent assortment
C) DNA replication
D) Transcription
Answer: B) Independent assortment
The structure that contains the genetic material in eukaryotic cells is the:
A) Nucleoid
B) Nucleus
C) Mitochondrion
D) Ribosome
Answer: B) Nucleus
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells, but not prokaryotic cells?
A) Cell membrane
B) Nucleus
C) Ribosomes
D) Cytoplasm
Answer: B) Nucleus
During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for mitosis?
A) G0 phase
B) G1 phase
C) G2 phase
D) S phase
Answer: C) G2 phase
Which of the following is not a function of the cytoskeleton?
A) Maintain cell shape
B) Facilitate cell movement
C) Protein synthesis
D) Organize intracellular components
Answer: C) Protein synthesis
Which type of RNA is responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosome?
A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) rRNA
D) siRNA
Answer: B) tRNA
What is the role of enhancers in gene regulation?
A) They bind to promoter regions to increase gene expression
B) They degrade mRNA
C) They inhibit transcription
D) They assist in DNA replication
Answer: A) They bind to promoter regions to increase gene expression
Which of the following techniques is used to separate proteins based on their size?
A) PCR
B) Western blotting
C) Gel electrophoresis
D) Northern blotting
Answer: C) Gel electrophoresis
What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
A) Ionic bond
B) Hydrogen bond
C) Covalent bond
D) Disulfide bond
Answer: B) Hydrogen bond
What is the function of restriction enzymes in molecular biology?
A) To replicate DNA
B) To cut DNA at specific sequences
C) To transcribe RNA
D) To synthesize proteins
Answer: B) To cut DNA at specific sequences
What is the first step in the process of gene expression?
A) Translation
B) Replication
C) Transcription
D) Protein folding
Answer: C) Transcription
Which of the following processes allows for the movement of large molecules like proteins across the plasma membrane?
A) Simple diffusion
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Active transport
D) Endocytosis
Answer: D) Endocytosis
What is the function of the nuclear pore complex?
A) DNA replication
B) RNA processing
C) Transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus
D) Protein folding
Answer: C) Transport of molecules in and out
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